Other diacritics help distinguish long from short phonetic segments. A long segment may be indicated by a [:] placed after a symbol or by doubling the symbol. Long vowels or consonants are sometimes called geminates. In Italian, foe example, both long or geminate and short consonants occur: [papa] means 'Pope' and [pap:a] or [pappa} means 'porridge'. In Korean, [kul] means 'oyster' and [ku:l] or [kuul] means 'tunnel'.
To differentiate a voiceless lateral liquid such as the ll in the Welsh name Lloyd the symbol [.] is placed under the segment: thus Lloyd in Welsh would be phonetically transcribed as [l.ɔɪd]. The devoiced sonorants that occur in English after voiceless stops and fricatives are similarly indicated: please [p.liz], smile [sm.aɪl].
Cover symbol are used when a class of sounds is referred to. A capital C is often used to represent the class of consonant may also specified as C1, and a rounded consonant that often occurs before a rounded vowel by a superscript w.
We can summarise these diacritics and additional symbols as follows :
